Ch. 21

Countries such as Cuba Russia and China decided to adopt communism because they felt that it promised freedom from inequality, oppression, and exploitation. Western countries found communism as a threat to capitalism and democracy, starting an arms race between the U.S. and Russia.

Carl Marx is probably the most well known person when the topic of communist movements is brought up. In Russia's revolution Lower class citizens were tired of being walked on by the country's rich and elite class. Small grassroots organizations were starting to fight against the situations where only the rich and elite benefited and the rest of the people suffered. Today when we hear of communism we often see it as a bad thing, but back when Marx was leading a revolution he was fighting for a more fair and equal way so everyone could benefit. 

Communism has brought a lot of issues with it causing divisions between countries and  political views. for example there is communism vs. Democracy. The U.S. is anti communist and fights against possible threats from communism.

The division between the East and West also known as the iron curtain was a division between communist countries and countries that were not communist. North Korea wanted to take over south Korea, and then China and America became involved in a war that ended up being a stalemate. In Vietnam the North and South had conflicting ideals causing a war between the north and south, then america decided it needed to get involved. but they were unsuccessful in their attempt to keep Vietnam communist free, but China and Russia prevented that from happening

Ch. 20

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist, causing two alliances to go to war with each other. Other factors such as strong senses of nationalism and the curiosity of testing war plans were also reasons that the war happened.this war lasted longer than expected leading to a big number of casualties so the Treaty of Versailles was created. To the Germans the treaty of Versailles was unfair and put too much of a burden on them.
The Great Depression was due to the stock market increasing at a rate that was unsustainable  for the economy to keep. America was producing more good than it could sell causing them to have a surplus of goods that were not being used. People lost their jobs and some people lost all that they owned. The U.S. relied on what was called the New Deal to help them come out of depression. The governments solution to the job crisis was that the people were given jobs to work in public works. social security and welfare programs were created to help the poor get back on their feet.
One result of the great depression was WWII.
Two European Countries did not agree with the outcome of the war and they decided to do something about it. Benito Mussolini the leader of Italy  came to power with the help of unemployed veterans who were not satisfied by the government. Germany was the other country. they were led by Adolf Hitler a charismatic dictator who encouraged racism and fascism to get what they want. His party, the Nazis, were supported by the people because he promised that he will help them rise. his propaganda made it easier to control the Germans. He created policies to restrict Jews and others who did not share the perfect Aryan race attributes. Hitler eventually wanted Germany to become a superpower so he started to invade surrounding countries, starting with Poland. Germany used war tactics that would surprise the opponent making their take over of Europe swift. The U.S. was not in this war yet because they were anti-internationalists until the Japanese bombed them.

Ch. 19

In the 1800's, Strayer points out how the Chinese victimized themselves by interacting with the British. The British sold the Chinese addictive opium creating issues from within their own government. china was successful by limiting the import of European goods, but their state soon collapsed and they became reliant on Europe. There were numerous rebellions by the Chinese citizens and military pressure from the west did not help. these civil conflicts resulted in the loss of millions of lives and took a huge toll on the economy. The problem with opium was that there was a market for it in china and the British took advantage of it. Britain used their power to smuggle it through ports to trade it. The ottoman Empire compared to the Chinese empire were both close to an Islamic civilization and they both were not under colonial rule. Strayer ends the chapter by saying that Japan is beginning to emerge into a "New East Asian power" they were able to modernize and become an imperialist country under the leadership of the shogun. they created a constitution, parliament, and a modern education system. they soon joined the west Imperialism by defeating China, Taiwan, Korea, and even Russia. 

Ch. 18

Europeans were in the middle of an industrial revolution so they needed more raw material to produce more, also they were in need of more human resources. The Europeans were far more advanced technologically than basically any other region. They viewed other regions as weak which they believed justified their actions in colonizing them. Colonialism  by European powers had a massive effect on the native people. Many Natives died off and the native land was being taken control of. An example of colonization by a European country is when Britain was in India. Because of colonization there was a lot of mixing races, especially when there was not enough people to keep up the demand for labor. An example is in Africa Chinese migrant workers were brought over and also in California Asian migrants were needed for mining especially during the gold rush and  also for building railroads, that is why there is such a large Asian population in the west coast, more specifically the bay area.

Chapter 17

The Industrial Revolution took place between the 1750s and 1900s and transformed the way humans lived. During this time of revolution mot only was there an increase in technological innovation but there was also a rise in harm on the environment, capitalism, and globalization. At first glance the industrial revolution may seem to be a solely positive thing, but there are many negative "side effects" that came about sue to the industrial revolution.
Britain became the worlds first industrialized society due to the increased machinery which led to a rise in production. This revolution would eventually make its way across the pond to America. Many innovations from the Industrial revolution are still present today such as global warming.

Ch. 16 pt 2

Even after the French, American and Haitian revolutions the "echos" of revolution kept spreading to different civilizations, the revolutions that followed inspired another which then then would inspire another and keep going.
Eventually these revolutions started movements a major one being the abolition of slavery. The slaves wanted what the white Americans got from Europe, they wanted freedom and equality. This movement was successful due to the collaboration between many people not just those who were enslaved, but those who supported them.

Another prominent movement is the Feminist movement past and present. They too wanted the  things freedom, equality and popular sovereignty. They wanted the freedom to vote,  to be able to work in jobs that were "for men", and wanted the ability to pursue and education.

Intro to Part 5 & Ch. 16 pt.1

Chapter 16 was about how the Haitian revolution got its inspiration from both North American and French revolutions. which then lead the Latin American revolutions to be inspired by the Haitian revolution. Freedom. Liberty and equality were what pushed these revolutions during this period of time which was known as the Enlightenment period. Those tree main concepts are what pushed these revolutions to become successful and send these "echos" of revolution across the world. 

Ch. 14 (2nd half) & documents

In the second half of Chapter 14,  there were two regions that were affected by the demand of fur which were the Northern Americas and Siberia, there were two regions who were in need of the fur and they were the French and Russians.
The French and Northern Americas had a good relationship for trade but the Americas encountered negative consequences because the fur hunting was disrupting the ecosystem due to such high demand and limited supply. The French and Russians were faced with extreme weather and were forced to trade for warmth and survival. The Siberians gave fur to the Russians as part of their bargain for protection


Chapter 14 Documents
1. The possession of foreign objects conveyed status in the early modern era. "Chinese silk signified rank, position, or prestige across much of Eurasia. Pepper and other spices from South and Southeast Asia likewise appealed to elite Romans and Chinese, eager to demonstrate their elevated position in society" (Strayer, 634).
2.  Men and women were portrayed as having different roles according to gender. The women were in charge of tending to the children and working on preparing foods, drinks, and other household necessities. In visuals 14.2 and 14.3, the women might be absent because they might not have been allowed do certain activities.
3. Using these images may support the idea that trade served more than economic needs because each since it seems that each gender was designated towards certain tasks, it allowed a greater supply for trade. (I.e. If Women were faster at sowing sweatshirts faster than men, it allowed for more trade with other regions)
4.  The visual sources suggest that cross-cultural borrowing was slowly dying and transforming into another country's culture.
5. Strengths of visual sources - recognizes mixed-race groups (also known as 'castas')
Limitations - The "system slotted people into a hierarchical social order defined by race and heritage" (Strayer, 638). In other words, trade and status brought people together but also segregated the people within the society.

Ch. 14

This chapter explained how Europeans wanted to be a part of the massive trading that was occurring in the Indian Ocean. In Chapter 14, the Europeans were able to step foot in the trade by building many trading posts along the coasts of countries within the Indian Ocean Trade Network. this led to them having a so called "Trading Post Empire" Another way they were a part of the trade network was by providing protection to traders from pirates. The Europeans would charge a tax to the traders in order for protection. Lastly was the creation of the East India Companies. The companies were backed by the government and it helped solidify their presence in the IOTN.

Ch. 13

In Chapter 13, the topic of colonization was covered and explained. The colonization of the Americas, the Spaniards had an advantage when claiming land and taking land from the native peoples. The goal of the Europeans was to conquer as much land as possible. The Europeans had a big advantage compared to the native peoples. another weapon that the Europeans had with them that they didn't know they had was sicknesses that the native people never had experienced.

I done it